The Catholic Church And The Copernican Revolution

The Catholic Church and the Copernican Revolution The Catholic Church played an important role at the time when all the works in which the movement of the earth was admitted, Catholics were forbidden to teach, and even read, the Copernican theories. The â€Å"Copernican Theory† modeled some problems of enormous importance for Christian’s obviously theological nature. Leaders like Martin Luther and John Calvin told us that Scripture brandished against Nicolaus Copernicus and provoked repression against its followers, but generally abandon the fight Protestantism once the â€Å"Theories of Copernicus† were confirmed with indisputable evidence. In this paper, I will first evaluate the history about how â€Å"Copernican Theory† and its model of the earth came into existence. I will also analyze the â€Å"Copernican Theory† in light of Churches idea of the earth being flat. I will ultimately argue that Nicolaus Copernicus played an important role in the history of Philosophy of Science. The Copernican Revolution involves the exchange of a â€Å"geocentric† worldview to a â€Å"heliocentric† view and is inseparably linked to the â€Å"scientific revolution† of the seventeenth century movement that represents a renewal of all scientific knowledge of the time. Contrary to popular belief, the â€Å"idea that the Earth was round† was written by many ancient Greek texts, and was supported by many philosophers such as Aristotle, Plato, Pythagoras, Archimedes, Eratosthenes and Ptolemy, among others. (Cohen, 30) During theShow MoreRelatedThe History and Factors Leading to Copernican Revolution1663 Words   |  7 Pagessolar system. It took many centuries for the world to accept his theory. Kepler, Galileo and Newton were strong proponents to the Copernican model and continued to advance his research where they later proved that a heliocentric solar system was a correct model. Although Copernicus’ views su ffered great backlash, he became the prime mover in the scientific revolution and the paradigm shift from the model of a geocentric universe to a heliocentric universe. The work of Aristotle and of Ptolemy setRead MoreCopernican Heliocentrism Impact to Modern Science1010 Words   |  5 PagesCopernican Heliocentrism impact to Modern Science Michael White WGU February 24, 2011 Thesis Statement: Nicolas Copernicus Heliocentrism helped to revolutionize science and catapult man into space. Introduction: Early science and astronomers believed the earth to be the center of the universe; this was known as the Geocentric Model. Prior to the 17th Century the Catholic Church held onto and defended the Geocentric Model as the divine order of planetary alignment and man’s hierarchy inRead MoreThe Revolutions Of The Heavenly Bodies1533 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the 16th-18th centuries many historical events happened, in the 16th century Nicolaus Copernicus wrote a book called On The Revolutions Of The Heavenly Bodies. During the writing of the book, Nicolaus Copernicus was trying to prove that the Geocentric Theory was wrong. The book talks about how the planetary movements work and it also has many mathematical equations he used to solve the Heliocentric Theory, which would help other scientists continue his studies. A few years later, in the 17thRead MoreGalileo And The Scientific Revolution1549 Words   |  7 PagesDid You Know? Galileo supported the Copernican theory, which supports a sun-centered solar system. Did You Know? Galileo was accused twice of heresy by the church for his beliefs. He remained under house arrest the remaining years of his life. Did You Know? Galileo devised his own telescope, in which he observed the moon and found Venus had phases like the moon, proving it rotated around the sun. Did You Know? Galileo played a major role in the scientific revolution and earned the moniker The FatherRead MoreGalileo : A Controversial Scientific Revolution863 Words   |  4 Pagesnot only proved the Copernican theory true, which was a controversial scientific revolution for the time. However, he was ordered to recant his works and denounce the heliocentric system after being convicted of â€Å"vehement suspicion of heresy.† This was a detrimental move not only for natural philosophers everywhere, but a poor decision for the church as well, which is evident when the situation is critically analyzed. Galileo’s work contradicted a ruling made by the church in the Index of 1616Read More Copernicus Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pages Copernicus has been named one of the most influential people this millennia by Time Magazine; in part for his movements in though during the scientific revolution; creating a basis for modern astronomy and challenging the Church (of the 15th century) to lead the way to a reform in thinking. He did so by disproving (mathematically) a theory of the heavens that had existed for almost 14 centuries, established by a man named Charles Ptolemy in 250 AD. Copernicus revolutionized astronomy by creatingRead MoreGalileo s Battle For The Heavens870 Words   |  4 PagesThe movie Galileo’s Battle for the Heavens highlighted Galileo Galilei’s struggle to convince the church of his discoveries. The movies shows him as an amazing scientist that had to make sacrifices in order to be able to continue his work. His discoveries question the accepted m odel by the church that Earth is the center of the universe and the other planets revolve around it. He proposes a model which confirms Copernicus’s ideas that the center of the universe is the Sun and the planets revolveRead MoreGalileo1113 Words   |  5 PagesGalileo Galilei Galileo Galilei was considered the central figure of the scientific revolution of the 17th century. His role in the history of science was a critical one. He revolutionized the way in which science was conducted, and performed experiments to test his ideas, which led him to be regarded as the father of experimental science. Galileo was born on February 15th, 1564 in Pisa, and was the oldest of seven children. His father, Vincenzo Galilei was a famous composer, lutenist, and musicRead More The Life of Galileo and the Effects of his Findings on Faith1719 Words   |  7 Pagesof the Copernican system where small bodies were circling the larger body. (The sun and not the earth is the center of our system, around which the planets revolve, rotating upon axes.). This discovery proved to show that not all astronomical bodies circled the earth. Furthermore, previous scholars against the Copernican system had argued that, if it were true, Mercury and Venus between the earth and the sun, s hould exhibit phases like those of the moon in the course of their revolutions. ButRead More The Scientific Revolution: Copernicus and Galileo Essay1067 Words   |  5 PagesThe Scientific Revolution: Copernicus and Galileo The scientific revolution brought on new and important change. People began to see things extremely differently. Up to this point religion had been an issue of pure faith. A person could not use any empirically based data or reason to justify or develop ideas on religion. People who contradicted the church were considered heretics and were punished. At this time, people believed in the universe that Ptolemy had theorized: that the earth was

Comparison of the Tempest and Forbidden Planet Essay

Jamie Roberts ENGL 1000P2 Prof. B. Johnson 8 February, 2010 Morbius’ Fatal Folly As pointed out by Merrell Knighten in his essay called The Triple Paternity of Forbidden Planet, the main difference between Shakespeare’s The Tempest and the 1956 science fiction adaptation Forbidden Planet (referred to as FP) is the use and control of power. In The Tempest, Prospero knows what power he holds through the use of his books and spells, and ultimately uses these powers to restore order to the island. However, in forbidden Planet, Morbius’ powers are unknown to him and ultimately lead to his demise. This essay will show how Morbius may be considered a more disastrous character than Prospero due to his lack of realization of the power which†¦show more content†¦For Miranda’s lover Ferdinand, the film inserts Commander Adams who is in fact the leader of the rescue expedition sent to relieve Dr. Morbius and his supposed companions. There are no relations between the film and the play with regards to Morbius’ fellow colonizers of Altair 4, but this has to do with the fact that the film was a sci-fi adaptation. The drunken butler Stephano is countered in the film with the Tennessee-bourbon sloshing space cook. The character of Caliban resonates in the film by use of the Id-monster, and finally Ariel is engrossed through the character of Robby the Robot. A closer reading of some of the characters in FP will reveal parallels outlined by Campos. Campos shines light on the fact that â€Å"[Prospero and Morbius] are figures that, isolated from the rest of mankind, have devoted their lives to the study of some books which have granted them an extraordinary, almost supernatural power† (Campos, 285). The main connections between the two are their utilization of science and magic. As pointed out by Campos, the film gives a â€Å"clear implication that science becomes the magic of the future† (286). This statement seems to be truthful as in Shakespeare’s time magic would be thought to be no different from the scientific breakthroughs of our time. For example a Shakespearean audience would marvel at the strides science has taken in the modern day, such as the utilization of electricity.Show MoreRelatedFred Wilcoxs Science Fiction Film, Forbidden Plane has a Resemblance to Shakespeares The Tempest727 Words   |  3 PagesComparison and Contrast In the 1956 science fiction film by Fred Wilcox, Forbidden Planet closely resembles many other pieces of literature. The most obvious resemblance to Forbidden Planet is Shakespeares The Tempest. As expected, the characters and plot of Forbidden Planet closely mirror those characteristics of The Tempest, with the exception that where The Tempest engages magic, Forbidden Planet utilizes technology. What is more important, however, is that how the technology works is irrelevantRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s The Tempest 2603 Words   |  11 Pagesinfluential plays written by Shakespeare is not one listed above. The play that reflects the life and all of Shakespeare?s plays is The Tempest. This work was and still is influential in both America, Britain and around the world. Although William Shakespeare was an influential writer in American and British literature, The Tempest reaches beyond a comparison to the new world- America and points to an autobiographical drama that is a reflection of the life of Shakespeare and his relationships withRead MoreEssay about John Donne- Treatment of Secular Love2101 Words   |  9 Pagesrelationship as he turns to extreme hyperbole: â€Å"No tear-floods, nor sigh tempests move†, to prevent grief at their separation. His dramatic tone used throughout provides the question as to how sincere he is in his agony; his arrogance provides a mock sincerity in his, some might say, chauvinistic address to his treatment of love. Donne continues his obsession with love using neo-platonic concepts to aptly convey the comparison between love and lust. He renders ecstatic visions of the souls whichRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesparticularly selective. By filtering the words ‘hate’, software will certainly screen out most hate Web sites but may also block access to valuable and legitimate resources such as sites dedicated to anti-racism, Jewish culture, war museums etc. †¢ Forbidden fruit effect †¢ A critical analysis on the media will inspire youths to question why violence is so prevalent in our media today †¢ Help them to realize that media is not a reflection of reality but rather a social construct †¢ White House

Bonds and The Bond Market Essay Example For Students

Bonds and The Bond Market Essay DURATION, SENSITIVITY AND PLA IN BONDSIwould like to help some of you with a general explanation on how to calculatesensitivity and PLA in bonds. Many of you may know these issues, but I preferedto send a general message. Please disregard this CM if this is your case. Themarket factor (what generates the risk) in a bond, is the yield (the interestrate embedded in the investment). This means that the Position Sensitivityshould relate to changes in yields. This sensitivities, then, multiplied by thevolatility of the yields, would give us the PLA associated with the bondpositions (expected portential loss if the yield moves agains us). To calculatethe Position Sensitivity, first of all, you should know the modifiedduration of the bonds that you are holding. Duration is defined as theequivalent tenor in a bond, expressed in terms of a zero coupon bond (a bondthat has only one payment at maturity and it is traded at discount). This meansthat for example, an investor should be completely indiferent to invest in azero coupon bond of 2.25 years than in a 4 years bond (lets say with annualprincipal and interest payment) with also a 2.25 years duration. How tocalculate this duration (also known as Macaulay duration): Lets suppose thisbonds cash flow: ($100 bond with 4 equal annual principal payment and 10%interest rate on outstandings). Lets also assume that we bought at $96 (atdiscount), equivalent to a 12% yield. Coupons Disc at 12% % on price coupontenor (1) * (2) Ppal+ Interest in years (1) (in years)(2) 1 25+10 =35 31.25 33% 1 0. 33 2 25+ 7.5= 32.5 25.91 27% 2 0. 54 3 25+ 5 = 30 21.35 22% 30.66 4 25+ 2.5= 27. 5 17.49 18% 4 0.72 - - 96 100% 2.25 Theduration of this bond is 2. 25 years, even though the final maturity is 4 years,because there are some coupons that are received before the 4 years. As you see,duration is related with the current level of yiels How to calculate themodified duration: Just by dividing the Macaulay duration by (1+the yield in onediscount period). In the example above, the discount period is 1 year (it wasdone on an annual basis, so we should discount the annual yield. However, if thediscount would have been done, for example, in a semi-annual basis, the discountperiod would have been 6 months, and we should divide by the semi-annual yield). Modified duration = macaulay duration divided by (1+yield) Modified duration =2.25 / (1.12) = 2.01 How to calculate Position Sensitivity: PS = Volume ofposition * 0. 01 * modified duration (unit shift = 1%) PS = Volume of position *0.0001 * modified duration (unit shift = 1bp) How to calculate PLA: PLA = PS *yield volatility * square root of days in the defeasance period Note that yieldvolatility should be expressed in terms of 1% if the unit shift is 1% or interms of 1 bp, if the unit shift is 1bp. General examples: 1) Lets assume wehave the bond of the example above ($96.000 position), the unit shift consideredis 1bp, the O/N volatility of the yield is 60 bps and the defeasance period is 4days PS = 96. 000 * 2.01 * 0.0001 = $19.3 (each time the yield changes 1bp, theposition changes $19. 3) PLA = 19.3 * 60 * square root of 4 PLA = 19.3 * 120 =$2316 (if the yield moves 120 bps in the wrong direction, the potential losswould be $2316) 1) Lets assume we have the bond of the example above ($96.000position), the unit shift considered is 1%, the O/N volatility of the yield is60 bps (0. .u904d7ecc221fabf3235b29b8daf485c1 , .u904d7ecc221fabf3235b29b8daf485c1 .postImageUrl , .u904d7ecc221fabf3235b29b8daf485c1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u904d7ecc221fabf3235b29b8daf485c1 , .u904d7ecc221fabf3235b29b8daf485c1:hover , .u904d7ecc221fabf3235b29b8daf485c1:visited , .u904d7ecc221fabf3235b29b8daf485c1:active { border:0!important; } .u904d7ecc221fabf3235b29b8daf485c1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u904d7ecc221fabf3235b29b8daf485c1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u904d7ecc221fabf3235b29b8daf485c1:active , .u904d7ecc221fabf3235b29b8daf485c1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u904d7ecc221fabf3235b29b8daf485c1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u904d7ecc221fabf3235b29b8daf485c1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u904d7ecc221fabf3235b29b8daf485c1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u904d7ecc221fabf3235b29b8daf485c1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u904d7ecc221fabf3235b29b8daf485c1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u904d7ecc221fabf3235b29b8daf485c1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u904d7ecc221fabf3235b29b8daf485c1 .u904d7ecc221fabf3235b29b8daf485c1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u904d7ecc221fabf3235b29b8daf485c1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mindwalk: International Relations Essay6%) and the defeasance period is 4 days PS = 96.000 * 2.01 * 0.01 =$1930 (each time the yield changes 1%, the position changes $1930) PLA = 1930 *0. 6 * square root of 4 PLA = 1930 * 1.2 = $2316 (if the yield moves 1,20 % inthe wrong direction, the potential loss would be $2316) As you see, the PLA forboth examples is the same. By changing the unit shift, we only change the way wereport sensitivity, but the risk of the whole transaction (PLA) should be thesame.

Sinking of INS Khukri Book Review Essays - Indo-Pakistani War

Sinking of INS Khukri Book Review I. BACKGROUND & INTRODUCTION The book entitled The Sinking of INS Khukri (Survivors Stories) tells, in part, the story of what really happened in India in 1971 and the tragic and dramatic tale of the sinking of an Indian anti-submarine frigate (INS Khukri) during the 1971 Indo-Pakistan War as unfolded by the survivors and surviving families of the ill-fated Indian warship. First published in 2006 by The Lotus Collection and imprinted by Roli Books Pvt. Ltd. in New Delhi, the book was written by Major General (Retd) Ian Cardozo, AVSM, SM some 35 years after the fatal incident had taken place off the coast of Diu Head in the western coast of India claiming the lives of almost 200 officers and sailors of the unfortunate INS Khukri. The books author, General Cardozo, a war veteran himself of the 1971 Indo-Pakistan War, shares the sentiments and ordeals of his comrades-in-arms in the Indian Navy during the sea battles of this famous and historic war which ended in a resounding and glorious feat for India and the libe ration and birth of an independent state of Bangladesh. During this very same war, General Cardozo was a young major then fighting for the 5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force) against Pakistani soldiers in Sylhet, Bangladesh where he lost his leg in a landmine blast on that very same day that INS Khukri was sunk, 09 December 1971. Despite the tribulation, he conquered his disability and became the first disabled Army Officer to command an infantry battalion and eventually, a brigade. Later on, he became the Chairman of the Rehabilitation Council of India. To a regular serviceman, it may seem ironic that an Army Officer is the one narrating a story, which is truly Navy in nature. However, let it be known that there is a very special bond linking INS Khukri and the Gorkha Rifle Brigade together. General Cardozo, a proud member of this illustrious Gorkha Brigade, related that the special attachment between the officers and men of these two (2) units could be traced all the way back from the 1950s when an Indian River Class Frigate, HMIS Khukri was first commissioned into the naval service. The pact of friendship and brotherhood was sealed during one of the military functions held at the Kotah House Navy Officers Mess when a khukri (a traditional weapon of a Gorkha soldier) was presented by the 5th Gorkha Rifles (FF) to the officers of HMIS Khukri, who in turn presented the regiment with the ships crest. Since then, the two units bond has been indelibly etched in the annals of both the Indian Army and the Indian Navy. Relatedly, this Khukri was one of the effective weapons used by the author himself in fighting the war against Pakistan in the Eastern Front and in cutting off his nearly severed leg after the landmine explosion in Sylhet, a bold move of a gallant soldier determined to live and fight another day. This 197-page historically descriptive and narrative literature has been carefully taken from sources published both in India and Pakistan, from actual accounts of key personnel during those fateful moments of the battles and those who survived the ordeals of the 1971 Indo-Pakistan War. II. SUMMARY OF CONTENT As my own way of summarizing the storys vast coverage, shown below are five major tales that linked together all the bits and pieces of information which vividly describe what had really happened in the 1971 Indo-Pakistan War, the sad fate of INS Khukri and the magnificent victory of India in this decisive battle: Revisiting the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965. The Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 took place between April and September of said year. India and Pakistan fought over the disputed region of Kashmir, the first having been fought in 1947. The war began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule. However, the scheme was revealed and the Pakistani saboteurs were soon discovered because their presence was eventually reported by the locals of Kashmir. The operation eventually ended in a complete failure. It ended in a United Nations (UN) mandated ceasefire. This Tales Emphasis. Naval operations did